white lotus rebellion white lotus rebellion

Then a turn of fortune and successive victories of the imperialists would almost annihilate their armies and crush all their hopes. ." In the closing years of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, they organized resistance to the foreign overlords, and now they are doing so again, but against the reigning Ming Dynasty! [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. It took nine years of warfare and great loss of life before the rebellion was put down. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of military invincibility of the Manchu, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. "Broken Passage to the Summit: Nayanchengs Botched Mission in the White Lotus War." Rather, it consisted of uncoordinated roving bands using hit-and-run guerrilla tactics. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[6]. This rebellion was less successful than that of the Red Turbans, and the Qing government succeeded in crushing this uprising. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Fall of China's Qing Dynasty: Causes and Consequences - ThoughtCo White Lotus - Wikiwand A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. Imperial Mistakes The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805. Exploring Chinese History :: Politics :: Rebellion and Revolution When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus. It had cost the lives of countless civilians and regular troops, including more than 400 high officers, and consumed more than 200 million liang /tael, which corresponded to four times the annual revenues of the state treasury. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. White Lotus Rebellion Flashcards | Quizlet The nine-years long White Lotus war had devastated a large number of districts in Central China. Szczepanski, Kallie. [6], A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. [9] The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. - the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion in 1805 using a combination of military and social policies. J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent of the Buddha, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, he took the title Hongwu and founded a new dynasty - the Ming. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Imperial forces. An introduction to 19th-century China | British Museum The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White . [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. READ: Economic and Material Causes of Revolt - Khan Academy Update now. The balance of power had tipped decidedly away from the imperial court and toward the foreign powers. In 1774, one instance of a derivative sect, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing near the city of Linqing. The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912. We are committed to providing our patients care in the same warm, caring, and professional manner we would extend to members of our own family. Sun Yat-Sen was elected the first president of China, and the Republican era of China had begun. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. When the White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804) occurred, the dynasty was forced to turn to peasant soldiers to suppress the rebels in central and southern China, since the regular army lacked the necessary strength and morale. "Tianlijiao ", in. Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas found in the scriptures with orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. What was the White Lotus rebellion and what did it do to the dynasty In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. Eventually, the Qing armies and the peasants united, but they were unable to defeat the foreign powers. Sun Yat-Sen emerged as China's first "professional" revolutionary, having gained an international reputation by being abducted by Qing agents in the Chinese Embassy in London in 1896. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. White Lotus Rebellion - Wikipedia - marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The Rebellion is estimated to have caused the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.[1][2]. The White Lotus Secret Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China Chien-lung | Encyclopedia.com What brought about the collapse of this once-mighty empire, ushering in the modern era in China? [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. How might this yearning relate co Milton's mention of "the thought of lost happiness" in lines 545554-555455? "The Great Yn: China's Last Imperial Dynasty" WIP Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. In the stockades they were organized into local militia defense corps. Explain semantic, declarative, episodic, and explicit memories. List of rebellions in China | Military Wiki | Fandom While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. "Rebellion and Religious Identity: The Case of the White Lotus Uprising (17961804)", This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. The British under Queen Victoria were a huge market for Chinese teas, but the Qing refused to engage in trade negotiations, rather demanding that Britain pay for the tea in gold and silver. White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 - globalsecurity.org White Lotus Rebellion | Chinese history | Britannica This internecine war lasted over ten years, at a cost of tens of thousands of lives and an expenditure, by the government alone, of two hundred million taels in money. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). In particular, the court marked itself off from its subjects in certain religious, linguistic, ritual, and social characteristics, always presenting themselves as outside conquerors. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. (present perfect, tell). . White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. Dream Homes of Texas on Instagram: "POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build in Frisco, Texas by the prestigious @monaco_pinnacle Follow @americas_realtor fore more luxury" White Lotus Rebellion | Military Wiki | Fandom A CHOICE OUTSTANDING ACADEMIC TITLE The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion."[7]. Decline and Fall of China Yuan Dynasty Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures used by the religious groups. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). As you might expect, the collapse of China's Qing dynasty was a long and complex process. Strong rebel leaders began to have major impacts on the ability of the Qing to rule. Ch'ien-lung (1711-1799) was the fourth emperor of the Ch'ing, or Manchu, dynasty in China. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). Beginning as enslavement protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many citizens. [2][3], The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. Grandmother. This took place during the Qing Dynasty, and lasted from 1796 to 1804. . Nothing is known of his end. White Lotus Dental - Frisco, TX - Nextdoor On assuming effective power in 1799, however, Emperor Chia Ch'ing (reigned 17961820) overthrew the Ho-shen clique and gave support to the efforts of the more vigorous Manchu commanders as a way of restoring discipline and morale. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. And so the war was waged. Sikh uprisings against the Mughal Empire in India, Pugachev's Revolt in the Russian Empire, and the White Lotus Rebellion in China mirrored the rebellions in the Atlantic world. [12] The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. 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Definition 1 / 6 - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China - large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. At the . The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. 5 recommendations for White Lotus Dental from neighbors in Frisco, TX. Talking about Yuan's decline and fall, you should learn something about White Lotus Society. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Encyclopedia.com. "[5] The first Chinese immigrant to the United Sta, boxer Alissa, Clarissa, kisser, Larissa, Marisa, Melissa, Orissa, reminiscer fixer, mixer, sixer convincer, mincer, pincer, rinser, wincer Amrits, White Lafitte Jos (Silvestre de los Dolores), White House Correspondents' Association Dinner 2006 Speech, White Hot: The Mysterious Murder of Thelma Todd, White Nights (Belye Nochi) by Fedor Dostoevskii, 1848, https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. In 1775, a chief of the White Lotus Society, named Liu Sung, was banished from Anhwei to Kansuh after sending people to the area under pretext of healing diseases by prayer and incantation, to gain adherents to his cause in Western China. Updates? The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. Here, the White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. After 48 years, official Zeng Guofan studied and was inspired by the dynasty's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion while considering ways to defeat the Taiping movement. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. The White Lotus Rebellion - Home An independent military force, the militia proved difficult to disband, and frequently it turned against the dynasty in the early 20th century. In the late 18th century, in response to famine, crowded conditions, and harassment from petty government officials, White Lotus leaders in central China began a rebellion; they promised their followers that there would be the return of the Buddha and the end of suffering. Contents 1 Daze Village Uprising 2 Rebellion of the Seven States 3 Llin 4 Chimei 5 Yellow Turban Rebellion 6 Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion 7 An Shi Rebellion 8 Red Turban Rebellion 9 Li Zicheng's Rebellion 10 Revolt of the Three Feudatories Snow Lotus is your One stop shop for exclusive Antique Silver Artifacts & Authentic Silver in Dallas. Alternate titles: Bailianjiao, Pai-lien chiao, San Jos State University - The White Lotus Religion in China. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. By the mid-19th century, the Qing dynasty had been in power for over a century, and the elites and many of their subjects felt they had a heavenly mandate to remain in power. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. It broke out in 1794, and was at full height in 1796, among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Ordinary Han Chinese felt little loyalty to the Qing rulers, who still presented themselves as conquering Manchus from the north. The rules of Emperor Kangxi from 1661 to 1772 and Emperor Qianlong from 1735 to 1796 were still considered the golden age of prosperity. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. What anecdote, or short personal story, does Didion tell at the beginning of the essay "Georgia O'Keeffe"? The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the deeply forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless "floating" people (liumin ) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. As a result of such technological improvements, the Chinese population exploded, increasing from just shy of 178 million in 1749 to almost 359 million in 1811; and by 1851, the population in Qing dynasty China was close to 432 million people. At first, farmers in regions adjacent to Mongolia worked for the Mongols, but eventually, the people in the overcrowded Hubei and Hunan provinces flowed out and into the region. Qing rule gradually collapsed during the second half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th, due to a complicated interplay between internal and external factors.