Radioactive forms of cesium are unstable and eventually change into other more stable elements through the process of radioactive decay.
The function of a drilling fluid is to lubricate drill bits, to bring rock cuttings to the surface, and to maintain pressure on the formation during drilling of the well. It reacts with water to form hydrogen peroxide and caesium . Magnesium (Mg) reacts with water vapor to form magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. [100], Caesium and mercury were used as a propellant in early ion engines designed for spacecraft propulsion on very long interplanetary or extraplanetary missions. As a daughter product of fission bomb testing from the 1950s through the mid-1980s, caesium-137 was released into the atmosphere, where it was absorbed readily into solution. The energy input steps (1) and (2) are related to the activation energy of the reaction. While they are less prevalent than either caesium-133 or caesium-137, these bellwether isotopes are produced solely from anthropogenic sources. From: Epitaxial Growth of Complex Metal Oxides, 2015 Related terms: Nanoparticle ZnO Al2O3 Metal Oxide Conductivity Oxide Nanostructured Material Oxygen Vacancy View all Topics Download as PDF Set alert Toxicological
solid cesium with liquid water balanced equation Caesium monoxide, (Cs2O), often simply Caesium oxide, is the simplest and most common oxide of the caesium. Group 1 metals are very reactive, and must be stored out of contact with air to prevent oxidation.
Both superoxides are described as either orange or yellow, but rubidium superoxide can also be dark brown.
Dispersion and jettable composition containing cesium tungsten oxide [113][114], The median lethal dose (LD50) for caesium chloride in mice is 2.3g per kilogram, which is comparable to the LD50 values of potassium chloride and sodium chloride. . 9th ed. The values for the various potassium oxides show the same trends. [12] Caesium is also used as a source of positive ions in secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). They are stored either in a vacuum or in an inert gas such as argon and the tubes must be broken open when the metal is used. [88] Other uses of the metal include high-energy lasers, vapour glow lamps, and vapour rectifiers. ( III ) oxide reacts with Lithium to form solid calcium hydroxide phosphoric. The latest versions are more accurate than 1 part in 1015, about 1 second in 20million years. [121][122] Experiments with dogs showed that a single dose of 3.8 millicuries (140MBq, 4.1g of caesium-137) per kilogram is lethal within three weeks;[123] smaller amounts may cause infertility and cancer.
Caesium superoxide - Wikipedia Above: Extended unit cell of Cs 18 Hg 8 O 6 in a projection approximately along a.Green cubes depict the [Hg 8] 6 anions, oxide anions are drawn as red spheres, cesium cations as blue spheres. Temporary hard water contains bicarbonate (HCO3-) which forms CO3-2(aq), CO2(g), and H2O when heated. This is most effective if the positive ion is small and highly charged (if it has a high charge density, or a lot of charge packed into a small volume). Sometimes cesium is used as a getter for residual gas impurities in vacuum tubes and as a coating in tungsten filaments or cathodes of the tubes. For the most part, Group 14 elements do not react with water. CESIUM (Data in metric tons of cesium oxide unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: In 2020, no cesium was mined domestically, and the United States was 100% . Sodium is the alkali element that reacts most violently with water. This is because enough heat is given off during the exothermic reaction to ignite the H2(g). Cesium is a very reactive metal. Some regulations and recommendations for cesium include the following: There are few guidelines for compounds of stable cesium. You might also experience acute radiation syndrome, which includes such effects as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding, coma, and even death. Name the base. Legal. Naturally-occurring cesium occurs in the environment mostly from the erosion and weathering of rocks and minerals. Your doctor might need to ask your state health department to investigate. It is also one of the byproducts of nuclear fission processes in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons testing. Why are different oxides formed as you go down the Group? Alkali Metals Oxides and Water. Furthermore, the consequences of external exposure to gamma radiation and beta particles are not unique to 137Cs and 134Cs, but are very similar for all gamma and beta emitting radionuclides. Exceptionally pure and gas-free caesium can be produced by 390C (734F) thermal decomposition of caesium azide CsN3, which can be produced from aqueous caesium sulfate and barium azide. Cells like muscle cells and nerve cells require changing electrical charges in order to function properly and allow you to think and move. About 10% of absorbed radiocaesium washes out of the body relatively quickly in sweat and urine. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Cesium reacts with cold water to form hydrogen gas and a solution of cesium ions and hydroxide ions. Cesium (chemical symbol Cs) is a soft, flexible, silvery-white metal that becomes liquid near room temperature, but easily bonds with chlorides to create a crystalline powder. Nonradioactive (stable) cesium can be neither created nor destroyed under typical environmental conditions, but can react with other compounds found in the environment and change into different cesium compounds. Cesium compounds do not react violently with air or water and are generally very soluble in water. Reactions of Main Group Elements with Water is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.
Caesium monoxide - Wikipedia [12], It is highly pyrophoric: the autoignition temperature of caesium is 116C (177F), and it ignites explosively in air to form caesium hydroxide and various oxides. Children can be affected by cesium in the same ways as adults. The general reaction of an alkali metal (M) with H2O (l) is given in the following equation: \[\ce{ 2M(s) + 2H2O(l) \longrightarrow 2M^{+}(aq) + 2OH^{-}(aq) + H2 (g)} \]. The general reaction of calcium, strontium, and barium with water is represented below, where M represents calcium, strontium, or barium: \[M_{(s)} + 2H_2O_{(l)} \longrightarrow M(OH)_{2(aq)}+H_{2\;(g)} \label{5}\]. So Cs reacts extremely fast and you get an explosion. This is represented by their large, negative electrode potentials. Potassium, rubidium, and caesium form insoluble salts with chloroplatinic acid, but these salts show a slight difference in solubility in hot water, and the less-soluble caesium and rubidium hexachloroplatinate ((Cs,Rb)2PtCl6) were obtained by fractional crystallization. 4770 Buford Highway
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In the reaction with water, hydrogen gas is released. Cesium binds strongly to soil and concrete, but does not travel very far below the surface.
It is an anisotropic etchant of silicon, exposing octahedral planes. Cesium reacts with cold water to form hydrogen gas and a solution of cesium ions and hydroxide ions. Uses advised against Food, drug, pesticide or biocidal product use. Forming the superoxide has an even greater enthalpy change. This public health statement tells you about cesium and the effects of exposure. Identification Product Name Caesium hydroxide hydrate Cat No. Preparation. The fuel was ionized by contact with a charged tungsten electrode. Cesium is not mined or produced in the United States and very little is imported from other countries. In the two-electrode vacuum tube converter, caesium neutralizes the space charge near the cathode and enhances the current flow. No known taste or odor is associated with cesium compounds. The most common radioactive form of cesium is Cs-137. Friestad, Gregory K.; Branchaud, Bruce P.; Navarrini, Walter and Sansotera, Maurizio (2007) "Cesium Fluoride" in, General Conference on Weights and Measures, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, "NIST Radionuclide Half-Life Measurements", "History of the recommended atomic-weight values from 1882 to 1997: a comparison of differences from current values to the estimated uncertainties of earlier values", "C&EN: It's Elemental: The Periodic Table Cesium", "Density of melts of alkali metals and their Na-K-Cs and Na-K-Rb ternary systems", "A Basic Rule of Chemistry Can Be Broken, Calculations Show", "Caesium in high oxidation states and as a p-block element", "Forcing Cesium into Higher Oxidation States Using Useful hard x-ray Induced Chemistry under High Pressure", "Effects of relativistic motion of electrons on the chemistry of gold and platinum", "Single-atom electron energy loss spectroscopy of light elements", "The Crystal Structure of Cesium Monoxide", "Nucleosynthesis in Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars: Relevance for Galactic Enrichment and Solar System Formation", IEER Report: Transmutation Nuclear Alchemy Gamble, Chernobyl's Legacy: Health, Environmental and Socia-Economic Impacts and Recommendations to the Governments of Belarus, Russian Federation and Ukraine, "Transmutation of Cesium-137 Using Proton Accelerator", "Distribution of the elements in some major units of the Earth's crust", 10.1130/0016-7606(1961)72[175:DOTEIS]2.0.CO;2, "Cesium as a Raw Material: Occurrence and Uses", "The Tanco Pegmatite at Bernic Lake, Manitoba: X. Pollucite", "Lithium, cesium, and rubidiumThe rare alkali metals", "Cesium formate fluid succeeds in North Sea HPHT field trials", "Chemische Analyse durch Spectralbeobachtungen", "Ueber die Darstellung von Rubidium- und Csiumverbindungen und ber die Gewinnung der Metalle selbst", "Cesium Supplier & Technical Information", "The material flow of radioactive cesium-137 in the U.S. 2000", "IsoRay's Cesium-131 Medical Isotope Used In Milestone Procedure Treating Eye Cancers At Tufts-New England Medical Center", "Level and density measurement using non-contact nuclear gauges", "Isotope Tracers Project Resources on Isotopes Cesium", "A Synopsis of Ion Propulsion Development Projects in the United States: SERT I to Deep Space I", "Infrared illumination compositions and articles containing the same", "Accumulation of potassium, rubidium and caesium (, "IAEA director warns of 'dirty bomb' risk", View the reaction of Caesium (most reactive metal in the periodic table) with Fluorine (most reactive non-metal), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caesium&oldid=1137590149, Chemical elements with body-centered cubic structure, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 5 February 2023, at 13:01.
What is the chemical equation for the reaction between Caesium and water? With the exception of beryllium (Be), the alkaline metal hydrides react with water to produce the metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present. It takes less energy to get the atoms into the vapour phase. and Human Services, Public Health Service. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. Generally halogens react with water to give their halides and hypohalides. Radiocaesium does not accumulate in the body as readily as other fission products (such as radioiodine and radiostrontium). [12], Caesium-based atomic clocks use the electromagnetic transitions in the hyperfine structure of caesium-133 atoms as a reference point. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. The majority of Alkaline Earth Metals also produce hydroxides when reacted with water. [87] Like other alkali metals, caesium has a great affinity for oxygen and is used as a "getter" in vacuum tubes. [93] It has been used in agriculture, cancer treatment, and the sterilization of food, sewage sludge, and surgical equipment. : 13233 CAS-No 12260-45-6 Synonyms No information available Recommended Use Laboratory chemicals. Some cesium salts are used in making mineral waters.
Safety Data Sheet Cesium-137 is produced by nuclear fission for use in medical devices and gauges. "[76] These clocks measure frequency with an error of 2 to 3parts in 1014, which corresponds to an accuracy of 2nanoseconds per day, or one second in 1.4millionyears. It is also used in the catalytic conversion of sulfur dioxide into sulfur trioxide in the production of sulfuric acid.[12]. One of the most familiar alkaline earth metal oxides is CaO or quicklime. After reduction of the hexachloroplatinate with hydrogen, caesium and rubidium were separated by the difference in solubility of their carbonates in alcohol. One interesting consequence of this is that tin (Sn) is often sprayed as a protective layer on iron cans to prevent the can from corroding. These sites make up the National Priorities List (NPL) and are the sites targeted for long-term federal cleanup activities. [1], Caesium oxide is used in photocathodes to detect infrared signals in devices such as image intensifiers, vacuum photodiodes, photomultipliers, and TV camera tubes[3] The aluminium sulfate component is converted to insoluble aluminium oxide by roasting the alum with carbon, and the resulting product is leached with water to yield a Cs2SO4 solution. The oxide forms of each element can be summarized as follows: The more complicated ions are unstable in the presence of a small positive ion. Sodium carbonate precipitates out the Mg+2 and Ca+2 ions out as the respective metal carbonates and introduces Na+ ions into the solutions. This includes breast milk and pasteurized milk. Animals given very large doses of cesium compounds have shown changes in behavior, such as increased activity or decreased activity, but it is highly unlikely that you would breathe, eat, or drink amounts of stable cesium large enough to cause similar effects. Legal. Large amounts of Cs-137 are not found in the environment under normal circumstances. As mentioned earlier, many Group 1 and Group 2 oxides react with water to form metal hydroxides. The half-life of 134Cs is about 2 years and the half-life of 137Cs is about 30 years. Cerium(III) oxide, also known as cerium oxide, cerium trioxide, cerium sesquioxide, cerous oxide or dicerium trioxide, is an oxide of the rare-earth metal cerium. External exposure to radiation may occur from natural or man-made sources. Federal Guidance for Radiation Protection. Annual Limits on Intake (ALIs) for on-the-job exposure are 100 Ci (1x102 Ci) for 134Cs and 200 Ci (2x102 Ci) for 137Cs. [12], The high density of the caesium ion makes solutions of caesium chloride, caesium sulfate, and caesium trifluoroacetate (Cs(O2CCF3)) useful in molecular biology for density gradient ultracentrifugation. is also available. However, it is unlikely that children or babies would be exposed to enough gamma radiation from a radioactive cesium source to do such damage to their bodies. What happens to cesium when it enters the environment? Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registration. Ballard, James W., Infrared sensitivity of cesium oxide. The high water solubility is a disadvantage which makes it incompatible with large pool irradiators for food and medical supplies. Depending on the period of the metal, a different type of oxide is formed when the metal is burned . Hydroxide, the OH - anion composed of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, is commonly present in nature and is one of the most widely studied molecules in physical chemistry. The unit cell axes are shown in black. . Studies utilizing metal oxides adsorbents such as titanium oxide are well documented [32], [33], . The half-life is the time it takes for half of that cesium isotope to give off its radiation and change into a different element. One way to see if a chemical will hurt people is to learn how the chemical is absorbed, used, and released by the body. Quantities of radioactive cesium, as well as other radioactive elements, are measured in units of mass (grams) or radioactivity (curies or becquerels). [12], Caesium-133 can be laser cooled and used to probe fundamental and technological problems in quantum physics. [69], The price of 99.8% pure caesium (metal basis) in 2009 was about $10 per gram ($280/oz), but the compounds are significantly cheaper. the anhydride of perchloric acid. For some chemicals, animal testing may be necessary. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Regulations can be enforced by law. These species react with water in different ways: \[\ce{M2O(s) + 2H2O(l) \longrightarrow 2M^{+}(aq) + 2OH^{-} (aq)} \label{1}\], \[\ce{M2O2(s) + 2H2O(l) \longrightarrow 2M^{+}(aq) + 2OH^{-} (aq) + H2O2(aq)} \label{2}\], \[\ce{2MO2 (s) + 2H2O(l) \longrightarrow 2M^{+}(aq) + 2OH^{-} (aq) + H2O2 (aq) + O2(g)} \label{3}\]. caesium oxide caesium peroxide: Other cations. \[\ce{Br2(g) + 2H2O(l) HBr(aq) + HOBr(aq)}\]. The ionization energy (2) is the smallest of the alkali metals. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. The federal government develops regulations and recommendations to protect public health. The compound reacts violently with water, yielding caesium hydroxide, metallic gold, and hydrogen gas; in liquid ammonia it can be reacted with a caesium-specific ion exchange resin to produce tetramethylammonium auride. In fact, boron (B) does not react at with water. Caesium oxide (IUPAC name) or cesium oxide describes inorganic compounds composed of caesium and oxygen. As the atoms get bigger, the strengths of the metallic bonds decrease. Laboratories use special techniques to measure the amount of cesium in body fluids such as blood and urine, as well as in feces or other human samples. You are not likely to experience any health effects that could be related to stable cesium itself. 2Cs(s) + 2HO(l) H(g) + 2Cs(aq) + 2OH(aq). The concentration of natural cesium in air is generally less than 1 nanogram (1 nanogram equals 1/1,000,000,000 of a gram) per cubic meter of air (ng/m3). Without laboratory animals, scientists would lose a basic method to get information needed to make wise decisions to protect public health. Scientists have the responsibility to treat research animals with care and compassion. At the top of the group, the small ions with a higher charge density tend to polarize the more complicated oxide ions to the point of disintegration. No known taste or odor is associated with cesium compounds. Water treatment plants are able to remove the precipitated metal carbonate and thus soften the water.
Some of the cesium that your body absorbs can remain in your body for weeks or months, but is slowly eliminated from your body through the urine and feces. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. We can write the changes for the Cs atom as, (1) Cs(s) Cs(g); #H_"sub"# = +79 kJ/mol For the most current information, check with the federal agency or organization that provides it. You would probably experience similar effects if you were exposed to any other substance with similar radioactivity. Caesium fluoride enjoys a niche use in organic chemistry as a base[24] and as an anhydrous source of fluoride ion. Pure cesium metal is silvery white in color and very soft, but pure cesium is not expected to be found in the environment. The becquerel is a new international unit known as the SI unit, and the curie is an older, traditional unit; both are currently used. It is an important commercial product and an intermediate in the purification of the element from the ores. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the caesium frequency Cs, the unperturbed ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium-133 atom, to be 9192631770 when expressed in the unit Hz, which is equal to s1. [108] Caesium metal has also been considered as the working fluid in high-temperature Rankine cycle turboelectric generators. JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. Recommendations and regulations are also periodically updated as more information becomes available. How can I calculate the activation energy of a reaction? Known year-to-year variation within that period allows correlation with soil and sediment layers. Very few applications existed for caesium until the 1920s, when it came into use in radio vacuum tubes, where it had two functions; as a getter, it removed excess oxygen after manufacture, and as a coating on the heated cathode, it increased the electrical conductivity. Because Cs-137 bonds with chlorides to make a crystalline powder, it reacts in the environment like table salt (sodium chloride): Small quantities of Cs-137 can be found in the environment from nuclear weapons and from nuclear reactor accidents. [107] Caesium and rubidium have been added as a carbonate to glass because they reduce electrical conductivity and improve stability and durability of fibre optics and night vision devices. Alkali metals react with oxygen to form monoxides, peroxides, or superoxides. A becquerel is the amount of radioactive material in which 1 atom transforms every second. Radioactive isotopes are constantly decaying or changing into different isotopes by giving off radiation. [16], To obtain a pure sample of caesium, 44,000 litres (9,700impgal; 12,000USgal) of mineral water had to be evaporated to yield 240 kilograms (530lb) of concentrated salt solution. for use in medical devices and gauges. Federal agencies that develop regulations for toxic substances include the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC). [99], Caesium-137 has been used in hydrologic studies analogous to those with tritium. Hydrochloric acid (\(\ce{HCl}\)), a strong acid, is an example. This information is important because exposure to this substance may harm you and because these sites may be sources of exposure. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. Consider the peroxide ion, \(O_2^{2-}\), which has the following structure: The covalent bond between the two oxygen atoms is relatively weak. Caesium has also been used in thermoluminescent radiation dosimetry (TLD): When exposed to radiation, it acquires crystal defects that, when heated, revert with emission of light proportionate to the received dose. Aluminum does not appear to react with water because an outer layer of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) solid forms and protects the rest of the metal. and in x-ray phosphors. The interaction of water with cesium on the strontium titanate surface SrTiO 3 (100), was studied, mainly by means of work function measurements and thermal desorption spectroscopy. Alkali metals react with oxygen to form monoxides, peroxides, or superoxides. Leaching with water or dilute ammonia (NH4OH) yields a dilute chloride (CsCl) solution. If you work in the nuclear power industry, you may also be exposed to higher-than-normal levels of radioactive cesium, but there are many precautionary measures taken at these facilities to minimize this exposure. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. You can be exposed to stable or radioactive cesium by breathing air, drinking water, or eating food containing cesium. Crystalline cesium iodide and cesium fluoride are used in scintillation counters, which convert energy from ionizing radiation into pulses of visible light for radiation detection and spectroscopy. The mining and milling of certain ores can also release cesium to the air, water, and soil. However, the number of sites evaluated for cesium is not known. Phone: 1-800-CDC-INFO 888-232-6348 (TTY)
Why is combustion an exothermic reaction? The bicarbonate ions react with alkaline earth cations and precipitate out of solution, causing boiler scale and problems in water heaters and plumbing.
Japan to Delay Ocean Dumping of Contaminated Waste Water from Fukushima Electrons in the peroxide ion will be strongly attracted toward the positive ion. \(Cl_{2\;(g)}+2H_{2}O_{(l)} \longrightarrow HOCl_{(aq)} + H^+_{(aq)} + Cl^-_{(aq)}\), \(Li_2O_{(s)}+2H_{2}O_{(l)} \longrightarrow 2LiOH_{(aq)}\), Trevor Landas (University of California, Davis). [92] Caesium salts sometimes replace potassium or sodium salts in organic synthesis, such as cyclization, esterification, and polymerization. The NRC established guidelines for radioactive cesium that include occupational inhalation exposure Derived Air Concentrations (DACs) of 0.00000004 Ci/mL (4x10-8 Ci/mL) for 134Cs and 0.00000006 Ci/mL (6x10-8 Ci/mL) for 137Cs. [71] They tried to generate elemental caesium by electrolysis of molten caesium chloride, but instead of a metal, they obtained a blue homogeneous substance which "neither under the naked eye nor under the microscope showed the slightest trace of metallic substance"; as a result, they assigned it as a subchloride (Cs2Cl). The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. [101][102] Nevertheless, field-emission electric propulsion thrusters that accelerate liquid metal ions such as caesium have been built. Internal exposure to Cs-137through ingestion or inhalationallows the radioactive material to be distributed in the soft tissues, especially muscle tissue,which increases cancer risk. It is known to have a higher selectivity to etch highly p-doped silicon than the more commonly used potassium .
PDF Cesium Data Sheet - Mineral Commodity Summaries 2020 - USGS Common cations in the water include Mg+2 and Ca+2. Examples include phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid.
Group 1 - chemical reactions with water - BBC Bitesize How can I draw an elementary reaction in a potential energy diagram? ATSDR can also tell you the location of occupational and environmental health clinics. The second, symbol s, is the SI unit of time.
solid cesium with liquid water balanced equation - Las Palmas (III) oxide cycle or CeO 2 /Ce 2 O 3 cycle is a two step thermochemical water splitting process based on cerium(IV) oxide and cerium(III) oxide for hydrogen production . Email: Contact CDC-INFO. So the activation energy for Cs is the lowest, mainly because of its low ionization energy. [110], Nonradioactive caesium compounds are only mildly toxic, and nonradioactive caesium is not a significant environmental hazard.
Cesium | Description, Symbol, Uses, & Facts | Britannica The hydroxide ions combine with the bicarbonate ions in the water to produce water and a carbonate ion. The equation for the formation of the simple oxide is analogous to the lithium equation: \[ 4Na + O_2 \rightarrow 2Na_2O \label{3}\], \[ 2Na + O_2 \rightarrow Na_2O_2 \label{4}\]. However, this only applies to the lower half of the group, in which the metal ions are large and have a low charge density. [4] It is a good electron emitter; however, its high vapor pressure limits its usefulness. The wicked water is now being collected in large tanks that were hastily built near the wrecked reactors. They have also been used to treat epilepsy. [12], Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power-generating systems were researched, but failed to gain widespread acceptance. [106] Caesium compounds may have been used as fuel additives to reduce the radar signature of exhaust plumes in the Lockheed A-12 CIA reconnaissance aircraft. Reaction of Superoxides with water: In this reaction, a solution of the metal hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide is formed, but oxygen gas is also generated.