How did they help the patriots during the revolution? Hickman, Kennedy. In 1777, British strategy called for a three-pronged attack on New York, with three separate armies converging near Albany. Sign up to receive the latest information on the American Battlefield Trust's efforts to blaze The Liberty Trail in South Carolina. It is located in Morgan Square and remains in place today. In 1881 (on the occasion of the hundredth anniversary of the Battle of Cowpens), a statue of Morgan was placed in the central town square of Spartanburg, South Carolina. Meanwhile, Howes British forces diverged from the original plan, moving south to confront American forces in Pennsylvania. He wants to use each column to probe American defenses. That night, he withdrew to the village of Saratoga, New York (renamed Schuylerville in honor of Philip Schuyler) about eight miles to the northwest. Greene therefore made a strategic decision to divide his own troops to wage warand the strategy worked. Arnold argued that American troops must meet the column of British troops heading toward them. Daniel Morgan (July 6, 1736-July 6, 1802) rose from humble beginnings to become one of the Continental Army's finest tacticians and leaders. And I,m willing to bet Morgan never heard of Cannae.
Daniel Morgan Facts - The Most Innovative General of the Revolution The outcome in Yorktown, Virginia marked the conclusion of read more, At the Battle of Cowpens in South Carolina on January 17, 1781, during the Revolutionary War (1775-83), American troops under Brigadier General Daniel Morgan (1736-1802) routed British forces under Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton (1754-1833). GeneralHoratio Gates,commander of the Northern Department of the Continental Army, is ready with 8,500 men.
Daniel Morgan | United States general | Britannica American general Benedict Arnold was hailed as a hero for his bravery on the battlefield, a reputation lost with his later betrayal and defection to the Royalists. He had never been politically active or cultivated a relationship with the Congress. [26], In 1794, he was briefly recalled to national service to help suppress the Whiskey Rebellion, and the same year, he was promoted to major general. The approach of the enemy in that quarter has made a further reinforcement necessary, and I know of no corps so likely to check their progress, in proportion to its number, as that under your command. Washington agreed to dispatch three companies from his forces at Boston, provided they agreed. Scouts brought news of the British approach to Gates, who dispatched a brigade of soldiers to attack the British left, supported by Daniel Morgans regiment. In response, Virginia formed two companies and command of one was given to Morgan. In 1777, he was selected as one of 500 hand picked riflemen to go with General Daniel Morgan to Upstate New York and help stop General John Burgoyne and his invading British Army. With his men encircled by enemy forces, Burgoyne called on his senior officers for counsel. Describe the British strategy employed by Gen. Burgoyne to the end the Revolution.
The Battle of Bemis Heights - HISTORY [10] That year, he served in Dunmore's War, taking part in raids on Shawnee villages in the Ohio Country. Donations to the Trust are tax deductible to the full extent allowable under the law. Readers are encouraged to read the fascinating battle details available in numerous publications. Morgan actually never saw the land, but his daughter's cousin-in-law,[32] Presley O'Bannon, the "Hero of Derna" in the Barbary War, acquired the land, drew up a plan for the town and donated the land for the streets and public square. In the Battle of Trenton (December 26), Washington defeated a formidable garrison of Hessian mercenaries read more, The Battle of Guilford Courthouse in North Carolina, on March 15, 1781, proved pivotal to the American victory in the American Revolutionary War (1775-83). He led a force that relieved Fort Edwards during its siege and successfully directed the defence afterward.
PDF America: The Story of Us..Episode 2 (Revolution) - Weebly The Battles of Saratoga were a series of battles that culminated in the Battle of Saratoga and the surrender of British General John Burgoyne. When the Virginia Line was reorganized on September 14, 1778, Morgan became the colonel of the 7th Virginia Regiment. After the uprising had been suppressed, Morgan commanded the remnant of the army that remained until 1795 in Pennsylvania, some 1,200 militiamen, one of whom was Meriwether Lewis.[28]. For much of the fall, Morgan and his men scouted the region between Charlotte and Camden, South Carolina. He was recalled to duty in 1794 to help suppress the Whiskey Rebellion, and commanded a portion of the army that remained in Western Pennsylvania after the rebellion. He was smooth, glib, well educated, a marvelous horseman, an ideal cavalry officer. In Charles Town, S.C., Tarletons charm and sophistication had led to amorous successes among American lasses, adding another reason for Patriots to despise him. American victory. Morgan handed his sword to a French-Canadian priest, refusing to give it to Carleton in formal surrender. Having irritated a British lieutenant, Morgan was made irate when the officer struck him with the flat of his sword. But the British hadnt seen the last of Daniel Morgan. Morgan was buried in Winchester, Virginia. What is protecting British occupied Yorktown? The accounts I read said that Morgan asked the skirmish line to give him two shots before retreating to the line of militia. . Although Washington rectified Arnold's squabble over rank after the battles at Saratoga. What Gen. Washingtons greatest challenge as a leader? His strategy proved perfect against the confident, impulsive Tarleton. He left home around 1753 after a bitter argument with his father. Morgan talked with militia who had fought Tarleton. Learning of Morgans march into the backcountry, British General Cornwallis sent cavalry and infantry under the notorious and despised Lt. As a result, he was passed over for promotion to brigadier general and leadership of the new formation went to Brigadier General Anthony Wayne. Stalemated in the North, the British moved the War to the South. 12. Montgomery's force initiated their attack as the blizzard became severe, and Montgomery and many of his troops, except for Aaron Burr, were killed or wounded in the first British volley. [4] Morgan's parents were born in Pennsylvania and then later moved to New Jersey together. Several hundred yards north is the Breymann Redoubt, defended by only 200 German soldiers and officers. Rather than inform his commander-in-chief of his victory, Gates notified Congress directly. ", 71st Regiment of Foot, Fraser's Highlanders, "Lebanon Township, New Jersey Revolutionary War Sites | Lebanon Township Historic Sites", "Major General Daniel Morgan Historical Marker", "Key to the Surrender of General Burgoyne", "Officers Represented in the Society of the Cincinnati", "Eyewitness 1818: No jail could hold this Pittsburgh thief", http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h407.html, GENi: Brig. He died at his daughter's home in Winchester on July 6, 1802. Arnold's expedition set out from Fort Western on September 25, with Morgan leading the advance party.[15]. Morgan's company was one of them. After conducting attacks againstGeneral Sir William Howe's forces in New Jersey during the summer, Morgan received orders to take his command north to join Major General Horatio Gates' army near Albany. What is Morgans strategy to defeat Burgoyne? In 1973, the home Saratoga was declared a National Historic Landmark. Marching south after the triumph, Morgan and his men rejoined Washington's army on November 18 at Whitemarsh, Pennsylvania, and then entered the winter encampment at Valley Forge. [27] The massive show of force brought an end to the protests without a shot being fired. Gates was hailed as the hero of Saratoga, which infuriated Arnold. Stephenson's company initially planned to meet Morgan's company in Winchester but found them gone.
Battles of Saratoga | Facts, Casualties, & Significance At last, on October 13, 1780, Morgan received his promotion to brigadier general. One of the most respected battlefield tacticians of the American Revolutionary War of 17751783, he later commanded troops during the suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion of 17911794. Arnold is seriously wounded in the left leg. [14] Colonel Benedict Arnold convinced General Washington to start an eastern offensive in support of Montgomery's invasion. To support this effort, Colonel Benedict Arnold convinced the American commander, General George Washington, to send a second force north through the Maine wilderness to aid Montgomery. The wagon boss of a British supply column sprang up from the ground, grabbing a British officer by the throat. The Patriots attacked in two pincers, commanded by Montgomery and Arnold. There is a street named after him in Lebanon Township, Hunterdon County, New Jersey. This would invite a premature charge from the British. Morgan was assigned command of the left (or western) flank of the American position. A civilian simply did not violently grab a British officer! Morgans Riflemen were attached to General Benedict Arnolds expedition to Quebec. Kennedy Hickman is a historian, museum director, and curator who specializes in military and naval history. This FREE annual event brings together educators from all over the world for sessions, lectures, and tours from leading experts. Sheets, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, Alan Brinkley, Albert S. Broussard, Donald A. Ritchie, James M. McPherson, Joyce Appleby, DVSA Driving Theory Test - Section 1: Alertne. [6], Morgan recruited 96 men[5][6][7] in 10 days[6] and assembled them at Winchester on July 14. Daniel Morgan Parkinson, militia officer, official and entrepreneur of frontier Wisconsin, was the son of Morgan's sister Mary, and was named after his famous uncle. Greene had decided to split his army and annoy the enemy in order to buy time to rebuild his force. For his actions, Virginia gave Morgan land and an estate that had been abandoned by a Tory. The attack failed, and the read more, At the Battle of Germantown on October 4, 1777, during the American Revolution, British forces in Pennsylvania defeated the American Continental Army under General George Washington (1732-99). They clashed with a larger force of American soldiers led by General Horatio Gates at Freemans Farm on September 19 in the First Battle of Saratoga, but withdrew after failing to penetrate the American line. A civilian simply did not violently grab a British officer!
Battle of Cowpens - Wikipedia The Redcoats saw that retreat and rushed after them, not realizing that it was a controlled retreat. Benedict Arnold selected Captain Morgan to lead the three companies as a battalion. As the disheartened British advance guard began to break, the main British force arrived . Morgan's men charged without orders, but the charge fell apart when they ran into the main column led by General Hamilton. After the British humiliation at Saratoga, Horatio Gates earns widespread public support and runs a brief clandestine campaign to replace George Washington as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army. In 1781, (Patrick) Duffey served under Generals Wayne and Lafayette in Virginia, fighting a desperate battle at Green Spring Farm on July 6. Daniel Morgan was a frontiersman with a mean streak. With the beginning of the American Revolution, Morgan assumed command of a rifle company and soon saw action outside of Boston and during the invasion of Canada. Burgoyne launched a second, unsuccessful attack on the Americans at Bemis Heights on October 7. From there, American artillery will have the range to hit both the river and the road. --OVER-- 9. October 7. the turning point of the Revolutionary War, battle in New York that resulted in a major defeat of British troops, marked the Patriots greatest victory up to the point in the war, last major battle of the Revolutionary War, sit of General Charles Cornwallis's surrendered on October 19th 1781, agreement that officially ended the Revolutionary War and established British recognition of the independence of the United States, America: The Story of US: Episode 2 Revolution, United States History: Beginnings to 1877, Florida Edition, Sources for America's History, Volume 2: Since 1865, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Kevin B. In 1777, British strategy called for a three-pronged attack on New York, with three separate armies converging near Albany. In less than an hour, Tarleton's 1,076 men suffered 110 killed and 830 captured; 200 British prisoners of war were wounded. Also for consideration is North Callahans Daniel Morgan: Ranger of the Revolution. This very highly reviewed biography, said to read like a novel, was a bit too pricey to be purchased for this article. Of course, you can lack charm and sophistication and actual ability. On October 8, the British army attempts to escape north, but a cold, hard rain forces them to stop and encamp near the town of Saratoga. Robert Morgan says although Boone reportedly claimed Morgan as a cousin, historians have been unable to confirm it. With Burgoyne's surrender of his entire army to Gates, the Americans scored a . The victory persuaded France to sign a treaty with the United States against Britain. What resulted was one of the great fights of the Revolution. how many died? Morgan served a single term from 1797 to 1799.
They were joined by another seven regiments from Bemis Heights. Collectively, the two Battles of Saratoga were seen as a crucial turning point in the Revolutionary War. Washington wrote the following letter to Morgan on August 16, 1777: "Sir: After you receive this, you will march, as soon as possible, with the corps under your command, to Peekskill, taking with you all the baggage belonging to it. On October 7, Morgan commanded the left wing of the American line as the British advanced on Bemis Heights. Hickman, Kennedy.
Battles of Trenton and Princeton - HISTORY On December 2, command of the department passed to Major General Nathanael Greene. The event was pictured by a staged photo that appeared in Life magazine.[33]. Throughout this period, Morgan became increasingly dissatisfied with the army and the Congress. The Majority of our funds go directly to Preservation and Education. [5] Morgan served as a civilian teamster during the French and Indian War[5][6][7] with Daniel Boone, sometimes said to be his cousin. What gamble does Washington . - Bon Steubn - train the soldiers to fight close war Later in 1775, Congress approved an invasion of Canada and tasked Brigadier General Richard Montgomery with leading the main force north from Lake Champlain. Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. In 1780, he defected to the British side, offering to hand over the American-held fort at West Point to the Redcoats for 20,000. Morgans fighting in the North is outside the focus of this article. what is daniel morgan's strategy to defeat burgoyne what is daniel morgan's strategy to defeat burgoyne. Morgan ran for election to the US House of Representatives twice as a Federalist. d. admonished, Correct each personal pronoun in italics so it agrees with its antecedent in the sentence. Burgoyne divides his army, numbering about 7,500, into three columns. Suffice it to say that Morgans strategy worked almost perfectly. In response, Morgan knocked the lieutenant out with one punch. RP - Joe Mantiply, ARI (2.5 BB%) Devin Wiles. Burgoyne's next offensive resulted in the Battle of Bemis Heights on Oct. 7. Morgan and many of his men were later captured by Governor Sir Guy Carleton's forces. Early Life & Seven Years General Daniel Morgan, by Charles Wilson Peale public domain image. In the Lower Town, Arnold sustained a wound to his leg, leading Morgan to take command of their column. Tim not only helped defeat the British, but was a major contributor to the Victory. The First American President: Setting the Precedent, African Americans During the Revolutionary War, Save 42 Historic Acres at the Battle of Chancellorsville, Phase Three of Gaines Mill-Cold Harbor Saved Forever Campaign, An Unparalleled Preservation Opportunity at Gettysburg Battlefield, For Sale: Three Battlefield Tracts Spanning Three Wars, Preserve 128 Sacred Acres at Antietam and Shepherdstown. 9.
what is daniel morgan's strategy to defeat burgoyne Readers may be interested to know as I just learned that Lord Corwallis suckered Continentals under Gens. John Trumballs famous painting The Surrender of General Burgoyne at Saratoga resides at the U.S. Capitol. - Attack using speed, stealthy, suprise What was Washington's greatest Challenge as leader? He is supported by Gen.Benedict Arnoldand by Col.Daniel Morgan, leader of 500 Virginia riflemen. context. That beguiler! All Rights Reserved. With supplies dwindling, Burgoyne surrendered his forces on October 17. Killed the British officers (Also they used the landscape and terrain to their advantage) How did this break the "rules" of 18th century warfare? Hungry, weary, and out of options, they dig in and prepare to defend themselves, but within two days the Americans have them surrounded. Of Welsh extraction, he is believed to have been born in Lebanon Township, Hunterdon County, New Jersey. Morgan chose to make his stand at Cowpens, South Carolina. It is no match for the Americans. The British plan was to turn that flank, using an advance by 1,500 men. Morgan was born in New Jersey of Welsh ancestry in 1735. In June 1780, he was urged to re-enter the service by General Gates but declined. In the spring of 1777, Major General John Burgoyne proposed a plan for defeating the Americans. Near Hannahs Cowpens on January 17, 1781, Morgan found his place: good defensive ground on slightly sloping, open grassy fields surrounded by woodlands. Morgans placement of troops was almost brilliant three distinct defensive lines, each partially screening its successor. This has a name: Defense in depth. The British had to attack progressively stronger lines of defenders. American: Horatio Gates, Benedict Arnold, Daniel Morgan British: John Burgoyne, Friedrich von Riedsel. Washington took offense and was further irritated when Gates did not promptly return troops sent to help Gates in his New York campaign. How did they help the revolution, - American spy ring [20] In July 1781, Morgan briefly joined Lafayette to pursue Banastre Tarleton once more, this time in Virginia, but they were unsuccessful. 8. The successful conclusion for the Americans in the Saratoga campaign marked a major turning point in the Revolutionary War. Morgan was considered one of the most skilled tacticians of the Continental Army. Britains Lord Charles Cornwallis was forced to surrender his entire army, effectively marking the end of the Revolutionary War (though fighting did not officially end until 1783). Morgan was the fifth of seven children of James Morgan (17021782) and Eleanor Lloyd (17061748). The first may be found here. While Greene withdrew north, Morgan was instructed to campaign in the South Carolina back country with the goal of building support for the cause and irritating the British. Bryce Metcalf, Bryce Original Members and Other Officers Eligible to the Society of the Cincinnati, 1783-1938: With the Institution, Rules of Admission, and Lists of the Officers of the General and State Societies (Strasburg, Va.: Shenandoah Publishing House, Inc., 1938), page 108. From the Journal of the American Revolution: Federal Identification Number (EIN): 54-1426643. What gamble does Washington take to save his men from small pox? Save my name, email (and website) in this browser for the next time I comment (checkbox). Morgan marched his men 600 miles (970km) to Boston, Massachusetts in 21 days, arriving on August 6, 1775. Leaving some 1,000 troops to guard the fort, Burgoyne moved on to the Lake George and Upper Hudson River area, capturing Fort Edward at the end of July and encamping near Saratoga. British General Carleton consequently was able to lead hundreds of the Quebec militia in the encirclement of the second attack. 1 Battle of Cowpens - At the Cowpens, a frontier pastureland, on January 17, 1781, Daniel Morgan led his army of tough Continentals and backwoods militia to a brilliant victory over Banastre Tarleton's battle-hardened force of British regulars. Abigail would teach him how to read and write.[5]. [34], In Winchester, Virginia, a middle school is named in his honor. I mentioned it once before, but for a full, fascinating account of The Cowpens, Kings Mountain, Hucks Defeat, etc. The Congress awarded him a gold medal in 1790 to commemorate his victory at Cowpens. Despite the proliferation of dysentery among his men, Continental General Horatio Gates chose to engage British General Charles Cornwalliss force on the morning read more, When British General Lord Charles Cornwallis and his army surrendered toGeneralGeorge Washingtons American force and its French allies at the Battle of Yorktown on October 19, 1781, it was more than just military win. When you arrive there, you will take directions from General Putnam, who, I expect, will have vessels provided to carry you to Albany. There was some success until the Patriot cavalry under Washington drove in and basically blew up the British attack. His penalty: 500 lashes 300 on the spot, 200 the next morning. Morgan later served as a rifleman in the provincial forces assigned to protect the western settlements from French-backed Indian raids. When the militia lines retreated they did so under control of the officers. Benedict Arnold arrived, and he and Morgan managed to reform the unit. In the early 1780s, Morgan joined efforts with Col. Nathaniel Burwell to build a water-powered mill in Millwood, Virginia. On October 7, Burgoynes second attack met with a fierce American resistance, spearheaded by Major General Benedict Arnold, in the wooded area of Bemis Heights south of Saratoga. Morgan took command of the force, and he successfully overcame the first rampart and entered the city. [5], In June that year, the Continental Congress authorized an invasion of Canada. Wayne and Lafayette with the same strategy. - job is to train the soldiers to fight close war, How do Washington's soldiers leave Valley Forge, Who was Cupler's gang? NOTE: this allows the FP website to set a cookie to display a message that "your comment is awaiting moderation." In late 1951, an attempt was made to reinter Morgan's body in Cowpens, SC, but the Frederick-Winchester Historical Society blocked the move by securing an injunction in circuit court. Burgoyne retired to his starting positions, but about 500 men poorer for the effort. Describe the British strategy employed by Gen. Burgoyne to the end the Revolution. He finally settled on the Virginia frontier, near what is now Winchester, Virginia. (read parenthesis in answer) The victory at the Battle of Saratoga convinced the French to join the Americans Twenty-two cannons are placed behind this defense, providing the Americans with ample artillery cover. The tactic resulted in a double envelopment. The two armies engaged in combat at Freemans Farm on September 19. He lost in 1794, but won in 1796 with 70% of the vote by defeating Democratic-Republican Robert Rutherford. Upon the outbreak of the Revolutionary War, Captain Morgan took over a Virginia rifle company and marched 96 marksmen 600 miles in 21 days to join Washingtons army at Boston. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. When I read the title I was thinking of HENRY Morgan the pirate. By mid-September, Burgoynes forces reach the northern outskirts of the small village of Saratoga. [8][9] During the retreat from Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh), he was punished with 500 lashes (a usually fatal sentence) for attacking an officer. They drove the British forces back to their camp, again inflicting heavy losses. The Spanish and Dutch later provide support to the Americans as well, hoping to weaken British domination in Europe. Morgan encountered difficulty the following year when taking supplies to Fort Chiswell. [5] When his men were done training Morgan used them as snipers, shooting mostly British officers who thought they were out of range; sometimes they killed 10 British in a day. He had the nickname "Gentleman Johnny". Your email address will not be published. The son of Welsh immigrants, he initially saw service in the French and Indian War as a teamster before putting his marksmanship skills to use as a colonial ranger. what is daniel morgan's strategy to defeat burgoyne. they put the disease in the healthy people to create anti-bodies What gamble does Washington take to save his men from small pocs? Subscribe to the American Battlefield Trust's quarterly email series of curated stories for the curious-minded sort! The following year Gates was placed in command of the Southern Department and asked Morgan to join him. Men like these, led by Daniel Morgan, made quite an impression on New England militiamen and British regulars alike. Promoted to Colonel for his leadership at Quebec, he reformed Morgans Riflemen, was involved in numerous engagements, and played a key role in defeating the British under General John Burgoyne at Saratoga the most significant Patriot victory in the northern theater of the War. Upon learning of Patriot General Horatio Gates defeat at the Battle of Camden in August 1780, Morgan ignored his injuries and the politics of rank to join Gates at Hillsborough, N.C. Serving under General "Light-Horse Harry" Lee, Morgan led one wing of the militia army into Western Pennsylvania. Morgan's riflemen were expert marksmen who employed long rifles, which were more accurate than the standard Brown Bess muskets used by the British. By evening, the British, reinforced by 500 German Hessians, hold the field, but the action has blunted their forward motion. What is protecting British occupied Yorktown? He was an innovater when it came to tactics and employing rifleman, militia, and regulars. He was not involved in the Battle of Monmouth but actively pursued the withdrawing British forces and captured many prisoners and supplies. He was buried in Old Stone Presbyterian Church graveyard. The body was moved to the Mt. What was Horatio Gatess role in the Conway Cabal that tried to overthrow Washington as commander-in-chief? [3] All four of his grandparents were Welsh immigrants who lived in Pennsylvania. Tarleton's legion was supplemented with the light infantry from several regiments of regulars. Arnold attacked against the lower city from the north, but he suffered a leg wound early in the battle. On September 19, at Freeman's Farm, they ran into the advance of General Simon Fraser's wing of Burgoyne's force. After the American Revolutionary War began at the Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775, the Continental Congress created the Continental Army in June 1775. Attacking the city on December 31, the American column led by Montgomery halted when the general was killed early in the fighting. General Nathanael Green replaced Gates on December 3. (How are they different from when they first got there?). Burgoyne sends a reconnaissance force to attack Americans at Bemis Heights, but the patriots get wind of the plan and force the British to withdraw to their well-defended Balcarres Redoubt. Though exposed as a traitor, Arnold avoided capture and trial by the Continental Army and served as a British officer. Fort Morgan is a historic masonry pentagonal bastion fort at the mouth of Mobile Bay, Alabama, United States. Looking for time to rebuild his army, Greene sent Morgan with 600 troops of Continentals, state regimentals, militias, and mixed cavalry to western South Carolina to forage and harass the British. He gave Morgan's command of about 600 men the job of foraging and enemy harassment in the backcountry of South Carolina, while avoiding direct battle.[19]. When he rejoined Washington early in 1777, Morgan was surprised to learn he had been promoted to colonel for his bravery at Quebec. What his job? Once the enemy was halted, Morgan intended to counterattack. The 6 2, 220-pound Morgan was loud, profane, uncouth, overbearing. And the above mentioned 1754 incident left Morgan with an abiding hatred of the British Army. By Rick Schwertfeger The wagon boss of a British supply column sprang up from the ground, grabbing a British officer by the throat. The contrast between the commanding officers about to engage was stark and extreme. The American Battlefield Trust is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. How many days after Washingtons victory at Yorktown does it take to begin negotiating peace with the British? The Battle of Saratoga occurred in September and October, 1777, during the second year of the American Revolution. He then took command of the Southern Army, but was later removed for his role in the disastrous American defeat in the Battle of Camden. With no means of escape, Burgoyne eventually surrendered to Gates on October 17.