characteristics of ethiopian agriculture characteristics of ethiopian agriculture

Facing a Foreign Trade AD/CVD or Safeguard Investigation? When you select "Accept all cookies," you're agreeing to let your browser store that data on your device so that we can provide you with a better, more relevant experience. Overall, the economic reform plan sets out required strategic interventions to increase agricultural productivity and modernization of agriculture in the next 10 years. SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURE 2 2.1. The most important agricultural exports include coffee, hides and skins (leather products), Pulses, oil seeds, beeswax, and, increasingly, tea. Many of the existing and anticipated increases in livestock production, as envisioned under the LMP, are linked to the consistent availability of quality livestock feed, animal genetics, and veterinary services. Accordingly, state farms received a large share of the country's resources for agriculture; from 1982 to 1990, this totaled about 43% of the government's agricultural investment. Most Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88 . That is why per hectare yield of crop is . The Ethiopian Socioeconomic Survey (ESS) is a collaborative project between the Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) and the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study- Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) team. Develop a legal framework for agriculture-specific financial services such as micro-lending, crop insurance and forward contracts. Some informal trade is most likely occurring in production areas located along borders. In this regard, Ethiopia is looking to expand development efforts to fight land degradation and to reduce pollution; reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions; increase forest protection and development; increase production of electricity from renewable sources for domestic use and for export; and focus on modern and energy saving technologies. Physiographic characteristics of agricultural lands and farmers' soil International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 11(4): 301-316. The anticipated growth in these subsectors could open niche opportunities for sales of U.S. grain and oilseed commodities in the future, as well as processing and storage equipment, such as feed mills and soybean extruders. [7], Ethiopia's estimated livestock population is often said to be the largest in Africa. This government-led outreach, combined with low labor and electricity costs, has already yielded fruits with a number of Turkish, Indian, Chinese, Indonesian and other foreign firms opening businesses in Ethiopia in recent years. Over the centuries, deforestation, overgrazing, and practices such as cultivation of slopes not suited to agriculture have eroded the soil, a situation that worsened considerably during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Eritrea, Tigray, and parts of Gondar and Wollo. "Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2010 to 2020", "Agriculture in Ethiopia: data shows for a large part Agriculture still retained its majority share of the economy", "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Selected Issues Series", "National Statistical Abstract. Farmers' group formation accompanies the reform process. These conditions include basic agricultural production potentials, access to input and output markets, and local population densities which represent both labor availability and local demand for food. Cookies on OCLC websites. The GOE imposes an export ban on cereal grain and local prices are often higher than what they are on the international market. According to Infomineo (2016), the key agricultural sectors in Ethiopia are the following: Coffee & tea; Ethiopia has a great potential for coffee production, thanks to the country's abundant rainfall, optimum temperatures, conducive altitude, and fertile soil. But in the northern highlands, where title to farm land was shared amongst members of descent groups, many people resisted land reform. Agriculture. This paper analyzes and discusses how the newly adopted system is structured and operates, the characteristics of extension services, and the evaluation system employed in agricultural extension, and assesses the challenges and opportunities associated with the system. An estimated 85 percent of the population are engaged in agricultural production. Agriculture is one of the best prospect sectors for growth in Ethiopia. There are also expanding opportunities for grocery sales to retail and wholesale outlets that are starting to spring up all over Addis Ababa. For instance, the 198485 official procurement price for 100 kilograms of teff was 42 birr at the farm level and 60 birr when the AMC purchased it from wholesalers. In addition to cattle, small ruminants (goats and sheep) and beasts of burden (donkey, horse, mule) are not uncommon in this farming system. [7], Before the Ethiopian Revolution, pulses and oilseeds played an important role, second only to coffee, in the country's exports. Ethiopias cotton production is insufficient to meet the growing demand from the textile and apparel sector. Volume II, Report on Livestock and Livestock Characteristics. Soil fertility status and wheat nutrient content in Vertisol cropping Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. Foreign Direct Investment Attraction Events, Services for U.S. Companies New to Exporting, Services for U.S. Companies Currently Exporting, Leading Sectors for US Exports & Investments, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Licensing Requirements for Professional Services, Improve income and livelihood options for farming and pastoral communities through increased productivity and competitiveness, Raise export of agricultural output and substitute imports, Make agriculture a viable and profitable enterprise through value addition, Enhance livestock health access and quality, Preserve animal genetic resources and increase pastoral research, Improve the development of animal feed and access to markets, Develop livestock specific extension package for each livestock type. However, the removal of arable land for conservation projects has threatened the welfare of increasing numbers of rural poor. Note: Top 3 trade partners are calculated by imports + exports. Effects of liming and different land use types on phosphorus sorption Yet agriculture is the country's most promising resource. Vertisols are very important soils in Ethiopian agriculture. ", Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research website, "National Growth and Transformation Plan", "Ethiopia's transforming wheat landscape: tracking variety use through DNA fingerprinting", "Press release: Rust-resistant bread wheat varieties widely adopted in Ethiopia, study shows CGIAR Research Program on WHEAT", "Livestock Sample Survey (AgLVS 2006), version 1.0", USGC Reps Meet With Ethiopian Feed Industry to Assess Market Barriers, "Ethiopia, 2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor", "Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Ethiopia&oldid=1140777650, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:04. In EFY 197475, pulses and oilseeds accounted for 34% of export earnings (about 163 million Birr), but this share declined to about 3% (about 30 million Birr) in EFY 198889. PDF SMALL FAMILY FARMS COUNTRY FACTSHEET thiopia - Food and Agriculture Abstract The objective of this study was to perform causality tests between agriculture and the rest of the economy using a Granger (1969) causality test procedure. The Ethiopian Fruit and Vegetable Marketing Enterprise, which handled about 75 percent of Ethiopia's exports of fruits and vegetables in 198485, had to receive government subsidies because of losses. Official websites use .gov Factors affecting crop prodution in Ethiopia - Academia.edu Land Degradation in Ethiopia: Causes, Impacts and - IISTE In Ethiopia, agricultural export development is done in livestock, grains, vegetables, fruits, and fruits. The major product in are teff, wheat, maize, sesame, Niger, linseed etc. In view of this, a study was conducted to characterize the landscape features and related biophysical settings and to identify the local soil . Agriculture in Ethiopia | Infomineo Since the 2000s, Ethiopia has emerged as one of the fastest-growing economies in Africa. The MOA is supporting the development of the countrys livestock sector, which is one of the largest in Africa. What Are The Major Industries In Ethiopia? - WorldAtlas Section D. Agriculture in Ethiopia. During Derg rule, veterinary stations were opened at Bahir Dar, Bedele, and Bishoftu to provide treatment and vaccination services. Washington, DC 20230. The 1977 famine also provided an impetus to promote conservation. (2013). Regular and reliable harvests helped generate stable tax income that led to relatively strong governmental structures that were ultimately the reason that Ethiopia was the only country not to be colonized in the late-nineteenth century Scramble for Africa apart from Liberia. Despite this potential, however, Ethiopian agriculture has remained underdeveloped. The clearing of land for agricultural use and the cutting of trees for fuel gradually changed the scene, and today forest areas have dwindled to less than 4% of Ethiopia's total land. Camels also play a key role as pack animals in areas below 1,500 meters in elevation. Grain imports are almost exclusively limited to wheat, nearly all of which the GOEs state-trading arm (i.e., Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation) purchases off the international market and later distributes in the local market at a subsidized price. Domestically, coffee contributed about 20% of the government's revenue. During the rainy seasons, water and grass are generally plentiful, but with the onset of the dry season, forage is generally insufficient to keep animals nourished and able to resist disease. It then continues in summarising the main specific characteristics of agriculture: The land use function, the supply and demand characteristics, the contribution of the agricultural sector to the provision of positive externalities and public goods, food as a unique and most essential good and agriculture as a key element for the development of . By 1976 coffee exports had recovered, and in the five years ending in 198889, 44% of the coffee grown was exported, accounting for about 63% of the value of exports. Ethiopia is also Africa's second biggest maize producer. Barley is grown mostly between 2,000 and 3,500 meters. Fresh fruits, including citrus and bananas, as well as fresh and frozen vegetables, became important export items, but their profitability was marginal. Grains - Grains are the most important field crops and the main element in the diet of most Ethiopians. Adigrat University, College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production and Technology, Adgrat, Tigray, Ethiopia Address: Adigrat University, P.O.Box 50 Abstract: Ethiopia is endowed with diverse cattle genetic resources adapted to various local environmental conditions and acquired unique features. There is considerable room for investment when considering that about 95 percent of Ethiopias crop production is rain fed. Principal crops include coffee, pulses (e.g., beans), oilseeds, cereals, potatoes, sugarcane, and vegetables. Between 1976 and 1985, the government constructed 600,000 kilometers of agricultural embankments on cultivated land and 470,000 kilometers of hillside terraces, and it closed 80,000 hectares of steep slopes for regeneration. This article is the second in a series that seek to examine the role of agriculture as a developmental opportunity for Africa. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country, and are the most important soils. Elementor #1090 - [] PORTER GHILLIE Livestock and Livestock Characteristics(Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/ This includes: bolstering smallholder farmers productivity, enhancing marketing systems, upgrading participation of private sector, increasing volume of irrigated land and curtailing amount of households with inadequate food. [7], The plains and low foothills west of the highlands have sandy and gray-to-black clay soils. After the 1975 land reform, peasants began withholding grain from the market to drive up prices because government price-control measures had created shortages of consumer items. Search term. The MPP included credit for the purchase of items such as fertilizers, improved seeds, and pesticides; innovative extension services; the establishment of cooperatives; and the provision of infrastructure, mainly water supply and all-weather roads. Ethiopia - Socioeconomic Survey 2013-2014 - World Bank The agricultural sector is subject to periodic drought, and poor infrastructure constrains the production and marketing of Ethiopia's products. They are sticky when wet, hard when dry, and difficult to work. Trade. Includes a market overview and trade data. Agro-processing equipment (e.g. To promote commercial-scale farming, the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) created the Ethiopian Agricultural Land and Investment Administration Agency dedicated to overseeing any new large-scale commercial farm deals. Demand for vegetables has stimulated truck farming around the main urban areas such as Addis Ababa and Asmera. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. During 1983-84 the Ministry of Agriculture used "food for work" projects to raise 65 million tree seedlings, plant 18,000 hectares of land, and terrace 9,500 hectares of land. will supply the domestic market. Recently, the GOE has permitted imports of basic food commodities using franco-valuta scheme to narrow supply and demand gap and reduce rising inflation in the country. In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. Nevertheless, Ethiopia's manufacturing sector is still far from being the engine of growth and structural change. Ethiopian farmers plough their land by combining the above tools for such three months to get yearly consumed food. The agricultural extension system in Ethiopia: Operational setup Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) For instance, according to the World Bank between 1980 and 1987 agricultural production dropped at an annual rate of 2.1 percent, while the population grew at an annual rate of 2.4 percent. Pulses, grown widely at all altitudes from sea level to about 3,000 meters, are more prevalent in the northern and central highlands. What are the main characteristic of Ethiopian agriculture activities The opportunities and constraints facing Ethiopian agriculture are strongly influenced by conditions which vary across geographical space. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. However, the sector has always performed poorly; about one-half of the rural residents in Ethiopia live below the national poverty line, and the rural population is endowed with few and poorly provided social amenities. The objective of the LSMS-ISA is to collect multi-topic panel household level data with a special focus on improving agriculture statistics and the link between . The Structure and Performance of the Ethiopian Manufacturing Sector During the 1970s, coffee exports accounted for 50-60% of the total value of all exports, although coffee's share dropped to 25% as a result of the economic dislocation following the 1974 revolution. Production jumped from 43,500 tons in 197475 to 74,900 tons in 198485. Most oilseeds are raised by small-scale farmers, but sesame was also grown by large-scale commercial farms before the era of land reform and the nationalization of agribusiness. The GOE, as part of its Livestock Master Plan (LMP), intends to transform this sector and increase production and exports of meat in order to generate foreign exchange. By 1989, the area covered by the State Farms had grown to a total of 220,000 hectares. Agriculture as a producer of positive externalities and public goods 2 2.4. [7], In 1984 the founding congress of the Workers' Party of Ethiopia (WPE) emphasized the need for a coordinated strategy based on socialist principles to accelerate agricultural development. Of an estimated 750,000 hectares of private commercial farms in operation at the time of the 1975 land proclamation, 67,000 hectares were converted into State Farms that, beginning in 1979, were operated by a new Ministry of State Farms. Similarly, the area of cultivation increased from 22,600 hectares in 197475 to 33,900 hectares in 198485.[7]. The soils of the Great Rift Valley often are conducive to agriculture if water is available for irrigation. During this period, markets were major actors of economic activity and various positive measures, which encouraged . In addition, the rugged topography of the highlands, the brief but extremely heavy rainfalls that characterize many areas, and centuries-old farming practices that do not include conservation measures have accelerated soil erosion in much of Ethiopia's highland areas. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) Section D. The particular GE cotton variety of interest is a product that is resistant to cotton bollworm, which is a pest challenge many farmers struggle to manage. Practically all animals are range-fed. [19][20], Sorghum, millet, and corn are cultivated mostly in warmer areas at lower altitudes along the country's western, southwestern, and eastern peripheries. It is a major subsistence crop and it is used as food. Excluding the Afar and Somali Regions, there were approximately 47.5 million cattle, 26.1 million sheep, 21.7 million goats, 2.1 million horses and mules, 5.6 million donkeys, 1 million camels, and 39.6 million poultry. Agricultural Research and Development in Ethiopia The pilot areas selected for establishment of the Agro-Industrial Parks are mainly based on the potential of existing agricultural resources and allied sectors, infrastructure, and facilities. Source: Source: USDA/Foreign Agriculture Service, Addis Ababa, Total Market Size = (Total Local Production + Total Imports) (Total Exports). Rain-fed cotton also grew in Humera, Bilate, and Arba Minch. Opportunities also exist for agricultural inputs and systems used to grow and process cotton into textile and apparel. In the dry lowlands, persistent winds also contribute to soil erosion. Download. This is a best prospect industry sector for this country. In Ethiopia, agriculture is the mainstay of the majority of the population and major driver of the national economy. What are the main characteristic of Ethiopian agriculture - ECHEMI [8], During the imperial period, the development of the agricultural sector was retarded by a number of factors, including tenancy and land reform problems, the government's neglect of the agricultural sector (agriculture received less than 2 percent of budget allocations even though the vast majority of the population depended on agriculture), low productivity, and lack of technological development. Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment. [7], Of Ethiopia's total land area of 1,221,480 square kilometers, the government estimated in the late 1980s that 15 percent was under cultivation and 51 percent was pasture. A potential exists for self-sufficiency in grains and for export development in livestock, grains, vegetables, and fruits. 2. At the same time, to accelerate the countrys agricultural development, the government established the Agricultural Transformation Institute (ATI) to address systemic bottlenecks in the agriculture sector by supporting and enhancing the capability of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) and other public, private, and non-governmental implementing partners. Section D. Although the AMC had agents in all regions, it was particularly active in the major cereal producing regions, namely, Gojjam, Shewa, Arsi, and Gondar. Ethiopia is well positioned because highland temperatures make it ideal for horticulture, the average wage rate is US$20 per month (compared to US$60 a month in India), the price of leased land is about US$13 per hectare, and the government has tremendously aided the entry of new businesses into this sector in recent years. In fact, Ethiopia recently started importing chicken meat from Ukraine and Brazil. [6] Ethiopia has great agricultural potential because of its vast areas of fertile land, diverse climate, generally adequate rainfall, and large labor pool. [17], Although varying from region to region, the role of livestock in the Ethiopian economy was greater than the figures suggest. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. Agriculture accounted for 50% of GDP, 83.9% of exports, and 80% of the labor force in 2006 and 2007, compared to 44.9%, 76.9% and 80% in 20022003, and agriculture remains the Ethiopian economy's most important sector. Agro-processed products, such as chicken, cheese, butter, eggs, biscuits, bread, juice, etc. Ethiopia aims to reach lower-middle-income status by 2025. y's natural potential, the agricultural performance remains weak; high dependency on rain-fed Title. Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of the country as the following facts indicate. Textile and apparel manufacturing and equipment. Almost the entire rural population was involved in some way with animal husbandry, whose role included the provision of draft power, food, cash, transportation, fuel, and, especially in pastoral areas, social prestige. [7], Livestock production plays an important role in Ethiopia's economy. [31] ploughing the land to soften the land takes three months and from sowing and seedling to the harvesting of the crops requires three to four months. Please see below a summary of agricultural focus areas and objectives laid out in Ethiopias ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030). The reforms success in supporting Ethiopias economic growth in part depends on the development of the agro-processing sector (e.g. Peasant associations used 361 nurseries to plant 11,000 hectares of land in community forest. The industry began in 2004, when the government made an aggressive push for foreign investments by establishing a presence at major international floricultural events. Top 3 Exported Goods (2021): Coffee & Spices, Vegetables, and Oil Seeds. However, the expected level was not achieved. landholdings are tiny, fragmented and unsuitable for modern methods of agriculture. Crop and Livestock Product Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings . Ethiopia's economy is based on agriculture, which accounts for 46% of GDP and 85% of total employment. In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. [16] In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of oilseeds accounted for 15.78% of export earnings (or million 187.4 Birr) and pulses 5.92% (or 70.3 million Birr). Increased production as well as imports are required to close this gap. They are boiled, roasted, or included in a stew-like dish known as wot, which is sometimes a main dish and sometimes a supplementary food. These areas are used by pastoralists who move back and forth in the area following the availability of pasture for their animals. The GOE encourages investments in meat processing, especially those that are focused on exporting value-added products abroad. Challenges of Agricultural Production and Productivity in Ethiopia. Genetic Diversity and Relationship of Ethiopian Potato Varieties to This growth is expected to create investment and trade opportunities for certain commodities and open doors for veterinary and other livestock services. 27 May 2021. Contagious diseases and parasitic infections are major causes of death, factors that are exacerbated by malnutrition and starvation. Grain production is one of the most important sub-sectors in the countrys agriculture-based economy. However, information is lacking in Wolaita, Southern Ethiopia. Agricultural sample survey. Volume II, Report on livestock and The principal grains in Ethiopia are Teff, Wheat, Barley, Corn, Sorghum, and Millet. Challenges and prospects of agricultural production and productivity - GRIN SURVEY REPORTS - Ethiopian Statistics Service [14], The most important cash crop in Ethiopia was coffee. About 70 percent of the cattle in 1987 were in the highlands (commonly involved in transhumance),[26] and the remaining 30 percent were kept by nomadic pastoralists in the lowland areas. Brighter Green, 6. Such wide price variations created food shortages because farmers as well as private merchants withheld crops to sell on the black market at higher prices.[7]. Resultantly there has been significant uptake of resistant wheat varieties among Ethiopian farmers since 2014. PDF Characteristics of Agricultural Landscape Features and Local Soil These three grains constitute the staple foods of a good part of the population and are major items in the diet of the nomads. However, it is also one of the poorest, with a per capita gross national income of $960. Role Agriculture in Ethiopian economy. Production Efficiency and Agricultural Technologies in the Ethiopian The high concentration of animals in the highlands, together with the fact that cattle are often kept for status, reduces the economic potential of Ethiopian livestock. Veterinary Drug and Animal Feed Administration & Control Authority (VDAFACA), NationalAnimalHealthDiagnosticand InvestigationCenter(NAHDIC), Ethiopia Agricultural Business Corporation (EABC), International Trade Administration This site contains PDF documents. [7], Pulses are the second most important element in the national diet and a principal protein source. . Characteristics of agricultural landscape features and local soil fertility management practices in Northwestern Amhara, Ethiopia. The ten-year plan called for an increase in the size of state farms producing coffee from 14,000 to 15,000 hectares to 50,000 hectares by 1994. Agriculture. It is roughly 7 and a half years behind the Gregorian calendar. A Review of Ethiopian Agriculture Roles Policy and Small Scale Farming ", Table D.1.1, "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Statistical Appendix", p. 26. It features and analyzes the country's agricultural progress from 1960s to date, and some . Ethiopia - Agricultural Sector - International Trade Administration Agricultural production has been highly dependent on natural resources for centuries [].However, increased human population and other factors have degraded the natural resources in the country thus seriously threatening sustainable agriculture and food security [2, 3].