Metronidazole is also used to treat infections of the gallbladder and bile . is a leading cause of diarrheal disease morbidity and mortality .Recent estimates suggest Cryptosporidium spp. 2023 Feb 24;18(2):e0281216. How long does it take for metronidazole to work? Jumani RS, Bessoff K, Love MS, Miller P, Stebbins EE, Teixeira JE, Campbell MA, Meyers MJ, Zambriski JA, Nunez V, Woods AK, McNamara CW, Huston CD. Has a high potential for abuse. Doumbo O, Rossignol JF, Pichard E, Traore HA, Dembele TM, Diakite M, Traore F, Diallo DA. Clinical cure (resolution of diarrhea) rates range from 72-88% 1. AHFS DI Monograph, Prescribing Information, Drug class: If testing is performed, stool culture can provide a definitive diagnosis of infectious diarrhea and is useful for outbreak identification. #YEtB%W:|)Zchp0=e98;*N TOt5{4O]x:QC3T,# mVUxvqICz]4h-WF3sDV#GJ2rmE&-,jY]^jo:4%d b. Don't drink alcohol while taking this medication. This limitation of treatment options presents a major public health challenge given the important burden of disease. Available for Android and iOS devices. Supportive treatment with fluids and nutritional supplementation may be necessary. When a person consumes alcohol, the body breaks it down in two steps. Dont swim in public pools or have sex for two weeks after having diarrhea. Cryptosporidium parasites, which live in the intestines of humans or animals, are shed in stool. Children between 1 and 4 are the most likely to get cryptosporidiosis. Fox LM, Saravolatz LD. Many physicians are reluctant to use oral rehydration therapy, despite its proven effectiveness in the management of diarrhea-associated dehydration.6,15 It has been proven to prevent and treat dehydration in patients of all ages.5,1619 Guidelines that recommend the use of oral rehydration therapy for mild to moderate dehydration in infants and children have been published by the World Health Organization, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the CDC.6,7,20 Oral rehydration solutions contain a blend of electrolytes, as well as carbohydrates. 2021 Sep 6;11:713873. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.713873. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). In patients with clinically significant vomiting, antiemetics can alleviate symptoms and reduce the need for hospitalization and intravenous fluid administration. Healthy dogs were medicated with a 14-day course of metronidazole; more than 50% developed diarrhea during treatment. <> Make sure you tell your provider if you have a heart or liver condition before taking this medicine. ChildrenDose is based on body weight and must be determined by your doctor. Humatin. Empiric antibiotic therapy decreases the duration of symptoms in patients with traveler's diarrhea.5,9 Enterotoxigenic E. coli is the most common cause of traveler's diarrhea worldwide and is generally susceptible to ciprofloxacin, but azithromycin (Zithromax) is equally effective and a better choice in areas where fluoroquinolone-resistant C. jejuni is present.9,21 Patients with diarrhea of more than 10 days' duration that is associated with fatty or foul-smelling stools, cramps, bloating, and weight loss can be treated empirically for Giardia infection.22 Because of an increased risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome, patients receiving empiric antibiotic therapy should be monitored closely if Shiga toxinproducing E. coli infection is suspected.4,23, If empiric treatment has not been initiated, antibiotic therapy may be indicated once stool culture, bacterial toxin, or microscopy results are available. Follow all directions on your prescription label and read all medication guides or instruction sheets. To help diagnose giardia infection (giardiasis), your doctor is likely to test a sample of your stool. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. The only drug that has FDA approval for treatment of Cryptosporidium is nitazoxanide [ 2 ]. eCollection 2022 Nov. Aziz AFE, Roshidi N, Othman N, Mohd Hanafiah K, Arifin N. Diagnostics (Basel). Cryptosporidium now causes over half of the reported waterborne disease outbreaks associated with swimming in chlorinated public swimming pools 9. When signs and symptoms are severe or the infection persists, doctors usually treat giardia infection with medications such as: Metronidazole (Flagyl). Cryptosporidium can also infect other gastrointestinal and extraintestinal sites, especially in individuals whose immune systems are suppressed. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. Ask your doctor about your risk. June 29, 2022; seattle seahawks schedule 2023; psalms in spanish for funeral . In animal studies (mice and rats), this medicine caused certain types of cancers or tumors. Ask your provider what foods you should eat and which to avoid. Nitazoxanide oral suspension (100 mg/5ml; patients 1 year of age) and Nitazoxanide tablets (500 mg; patients 12 years of age) are indicated for the treatment of diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium. Treatment of cryptosporidiosis: nitazoxanide yes, but we can do better. A new study published this year in the Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine calls attention to metronidazole's dramatic effects on the canine gut microbiome. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. Multiple studies support the use of a single dose of ondansetron (Zofran) in children with gastroenteritis-related vomiting.1214 The use of antiemetics in adults with gastroenteritis is reasonable, but data about adverse effects are lacking. dosage, interactions, side effects, Brand name: Cryptosporidium (cryptosporidiosis) . It is commonly used in the treatment of Clostridioides difficile associated disease. Because of the parasites life cycle, your symptoms may go away and then come back. Once inside your body, the parasite passes through your digestive tract and infects your stool. Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW The Essential Diabetes Book - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW Ending the Opioid Crisis - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Book: Mayo Clinic Family Health Book, 5th Edition, Newsletter: Mayo Clinic Health Letter Digital Edition. This includes prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. CDC guidelines recommend the initial use of oral rehydration therapy with replacement of continuing fluid losses in children with mild to moderate dehydration. While not effective against Cryptosporidium, nitroimidazoles such as metronidazole or tinidazole are effective treatments for giardiasis and can be administered as a single dose. It may be reasonable to obtain blood cultures in patients with fever and diarrhea (with or without blood), because up to 1% of cases of nontyphoidal Salmonella infections are associated with bacteremia.4,5 Sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy may be useful in hospitalized patients with bloody diarrhea to obtain tissue and histology, which could aid in the diagnosis. Activity is based on recent site visitor activity relative to other medications in the list. Results of paromomycin were better than other two trialed drugs and may be a choice for therapy of, cryptosporidiosis. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281216. Careers. Metronidazole (10-15 mg/kg PO Q 12 H for 7 days) Tritrichomonas blagburni Pentatrichomonas hominis: Ingestion of trophozoites (fecal-contaminated material) . Signs and symptoms of Cryptosporidium infection. In two double-blind, controlled trials in pediatric patients with diarrhea and with or without enteric symptoms (e.g., abdominal distention, colic, left iliac fossa tenderness) caused by Cryptosporidium parvum, a three-day course of treatment with nitazoxanide (100 mg BID in pediatric patients ages 12-47 months, 200 mg BID in pediatric patients ages 4 through 11 years) was compared with a placebo. post treatment. Continue reading. Cryptosporidium enteritis is an infection of the small intestine that causes diarrhea. You should stop using this medicine immediately if you experience any neurological symptoms such as seizures, headaches, visual changes, weakness, numbness, or tingling. Metronidazole can cause life-threatening liver problems in people with Cockayne syndrome. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Its estimated that there are over 700,000 cases of cryptosporidiosis in the U.S. each year. Dont drink untreated water or unpasteurized milk. If you cant keep anything down or your diarrhea is severe (more than 10 watery stools a day), contact your healthcare provider. 2.4 Cryptosporidium spp. Am J Trop Med Hyg. nitazoxanide. Enterotoxins in the small bowel caused by E. coli, C. perfringens, and viruses produce excessive secretions of fluids and electrolytes that overwhelm the large bowel; therefore, they are typically associated with watery diarrhea. Cryptosporidium infections usually arent serious for someone with a healthy immune system. Identification of potent anti-Cryptosporidium new drug leads by screening traditional Chinese medicines. Copyright 2015 by the American Academy of Family Physicians. There is a need for a highly effective treatment for cryptosporidiosis in immunodeficient patients, but the quest for such a drug has proven to be elusive. 13 Febantel (37.8 mg/kg), in a combination product also containing pyrantel (7.56 mg/kg) and praziquantel (7.56 mg/kg), successfully cleared infections in experimentally infected kittens when . HIV-positive individuals who suspect they have cryptosporidiosis should contact their healthcare provider. Metronidazole (and other nitroimidazole derivatives) is effective in the treatment of invasive disease, but less effective in the treatment of luminal forms of the parasite. Although these recommendations have been shown to reduce the risk of foodborne illness in the United States, the risk increases with travel. For consumers: Treatment Metronidazole is the drug of choice. Has a low potential for abuse relative to those in schedule 3. Giardiasis is an intestinal infection with the protozoan parasite Giardia spp. If you have a compromised immune system, see your healthcare provider right away if you have any symptoms of infectious disease. Youre also at higher risk for getting cryptosporidiosis if you: If youre living with a compromised immune system and get cryptosporidiosis, youre at risk of ongoing and life-threatening illness. 8600 Rockville Pike nausea. All reports of outbreaks are entered into the CDC's Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System, after which the data are analyzed to monitor and identify the root cause of the outbreak. cryptosporidium treatment metronidazole. (2013) reported that Paromomycin to be the more valuable than metronidazole for the treatment of Cryptosporidium infection in cattle based on the clinical trials. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that one in six Americans (approximately 48 million) will become sick from a foodborne pathogen each year, resulting in 128,000 hospitalizations and 3,000 deaths.2 Most foodborne illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths are caused by one of eight common pathogens: norovirus, nontyphoidal Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus aureus, Toxoplasma gondii, Listeria monocytogenes, and Shiga toxinproducing Escherichia coli2 (Table 13). In such cases, longer courses of treatment might be needed. Sometimes it is not safe to use certain medicines at the same time. Nitazoxanide is the first new drug developed for treating giardiasis in more than 20years. McGraw Hill; 2018. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com. While you may initially bring your symptoms to the attention of your family doctor, he or she may refer you to a gastroenterologist a doctor who specializes in digestive system disorders. Resources are available to educate consumers on food recalls and proper handling, storage, and cooking of foods. However, the effectiveness of nitazoxanide in immunosuppressed individuals is unclear. A Cryptosporidium infection can become chronic if you have a weakened immune system. Epub 2001 May 9. Childrenespecially infantsare predisposed to dehydration and require more diligence in determining hydration status. Some people have symptoms that come and go for 30 days or more. Symptoms in people with normal immune systems usually last for about 1 to 2 weeks. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01505-17. Epub 2014 Feb 24. INTRODUCTION. Editorial Note: Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite; it is a well recognized . Symptoms of a yeast infection include itching and a thick, white odor-free discharge and it can be easily treated with medication such as fluconazole. Medically reviewed by Kaci Durbin, MD. Nitazoxanide: a new thiazolide antiparasitic agent. What types of medications and dietary supplements do you take? He or she may also check your mouth and skin for signs of dehydration. The dose is usually 35 to 50 milligrams (mg) per kilogram (kg) of body weight per day, divided into 3 doses, for 10 days. stomach cramps. ACS Infect Dis. Treatment of cryptosporidiosis caused by Cryptosporidium parvum in patients with HIV infection; used alone or in conjunction with azithromycin. Acetaldehyde is responsible for the unwanted effects of alcohol such as nausea, vomiting, and flushing, and is toxic. . Overdose symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, numbness, tingling, or problems with balance or muscle movement. May harm an unborn baby. Supportive therapy is the key component in the management of cryptosporidiosis. Cryptosporidiosis is increasingly recognized as an important global health concern. x][\7n.I=#U,=sT%M*V6Mb E:Ax~ZZ=_8|:a=nnex_n3,]~SyYZ Yo:kN|qx-jQx,\sqysz8s+m9{Y R6Essq\+&^ Qu;7OT`0|:n5"X]g~cio-_M M,Vi8c{OU ;lZXz^3?g>Mto H5_/4O0NaYFup5> _}?YBwHXzG'7o{RVO^laG~\wun~nV8N .bUr8xONcJUMs`bpsr@f}9EA3-^ !XKlpv%8/$?NMh>IOutn6~8/Lg/zOnqX7Nv df1l"RX:x6l-Fg-* i]|u4Tu[]8; t;GZ8~Uy HP]9}?SESRcYi~4uU\#LcU:se7V}u^nNXTR6`YXhwD:EzbA14]6!@x|J@0/]i q"K'^/W2aiY#g&:U[orpKd*4PRhuR:AZ['?\Ej$txz,bu The reaction has been referred to as a disulfiram-like reaction disulfiram is a medication given to people to discourage alcohol consumption. This medication may not be approved by the FDA for the treatment of this condition. Protozoal Intestinal Infections and Trichomoniasis. Water, broth, sports drinks or oral rehydration solutions (like Pedialyte) are the best choices to keep you hydrated. Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction to metronidazole (hives, itching, warmth or tingling; fever, joint pain; dry mouth, dry vagina; stuffy nose, difficult breathing, swelling in your face or throat) or a severe skin reaction (fever, sore throat, burning eyes, skin pain, red or purple skin rash with blistering and peeling). Cryptosporidium are very resistant to chemical disinfectants, but steam cleaning has been shown to reduce infection, as sporulated oocysts become inactive when exposed to temperatures over 65C. Animal reproduction studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Incidence of Cryptosporidium spp. However, the effectiveness of nitazoxanide in immunosuppressed individuals is unclear. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Foodborne illnesses should be reported to local and state health agencies; reporting requirements vary among states. Kabir MHB, Recuenco FC, Mohd Zin NK, Watanabe N, Fukuda Y, Bando H, Watanabe K, Bochimoto H, Xuan X, Kato K. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. If your sexual partners are also being treated, then abstain from sexual intercourse until they have finished treatment. Other tests that can be considered include serum chemistry (including albumin levels), C-reactive protein levels, complete blood count, blood cultures, urinalysis, abdominal radiography, anoscopy, and endoscopy, if warranted by the severity and pattern of symptoms.5 In severe cases of infectious diarrhea, toxic megacolon should be considered, which can be identified on plain abdominal radiography.4 Severe inflammatory changes can also be seen on computed tomography. Mayo Clinic is a not-for-profit organization. Animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use in pregnant women despite potential risks. Antibiotic therapy can shorten the duration of symptoms and may prevent bacteremia in older adults, newborns, and immunocompromised patients.4 Recommended treatment regimens for foodborne pathogens are outlined in Table 5.8,18,19,2124 Ciprofloxacin is no longer recommended for treatment of Campylobacter infection; a macrolide, such as erythromycin, is recommended instead.24. Cryptosporidium; Cryptosporidium hominis; Cryptosporidium parvum; cryptosporidiosis; nitazoxanide; paromomycin. metronidazole. Diarreia causada por Cryptosporidium parvum em pacientes peditricos com 1 a 11 anos de idade Em dois estudos duplo-cegos controlados, em pacientes peditricos com diarreia causada por Cryptosporidium parvum, um curso de trs dias de tratamento com nitazoxanida suspenso oral (100 mg, duas vezes ao dia em crianas de 12 a 47 meses; Measure a dose with the supplied measuring device (not a kitchen spoon). An awareness of the likely aetiological agents and . When signs and symptoms are severe or the infection persists, doctors usually treat giardia infection with medications such as: There are no consistently recommended medications for giardia infection in pregnancy because of the potential for harmful drug effects to the fetus. acute intestinal infection due to Entamoeba histolytica. Drinking lots of fluid like broth, water, sports drinks or oral rehydration solutions can help replace the fluid youve lost and prevent life-threatening electrolyte problems. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/giardia/index.html. Not all possible drug interactions are listed here. There is a need for a highly effective treatment for cryptosporidiosis in immunodeficient patients, but the quest for such a drug has proven to be elusive. Giardia duodenalis (C&D) trophozoites measure 9 to 21 long, 5 to 15 wide, and 2 to 4 thick. Subscribe to Drugs.com newsletters for the latest medication news, new drug approvals, alerts and updates. Epub 2022 Jul 4. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24173771/). New potentially promising drug targets in Cryptosporidium and Giardia have been identified, but there appears to be little activity toward clinical development of new drugs. For many years the primary treatment for Giardia in dogs and cats has involved metronidazole. Make sure you stay hydrated and try to get whatever nutrition you can while youre sick. Microscopic evaluation for fecal polymorphonuclear leukocytes or lactoferrin measurements may be useful if an inflammatory etiology is suspected. Cryptosporidium Feco-oral; human or anima trophozoites attached to gut wall. People who are in poor health or who have weakened immune systems are at higher risk for more severe and prolonged illness. Albendazole . However, these results should not delay empiric treatment if a foodborne illness is suspected. We comply with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information. Metronidazole oral is taken by mouth. It may take up to 5 days for diarrhea to resolve in approximately 80% of patients 4. (2013) reported that Paromomycin to be the more valuable than metronidazole for the treatment of Cryptosporidium infection in cattle based on the clinical trials. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies . Your provider will give you a sterile container and instructions on how to get a sample. Being cautious in places where Cryptosporidium is found and practicing good handwashing and food prep habits are the best ways to reduce your risk of cryptosporidiosis. In most outpatients who have self-limiting gastroenteritis, a stool culture does not affect management.4 Bacteria are the most common cause of nonself-limiting foodborne illness; however, stool cultures are positive in less than 40% of cases.4,5 Newer techniques such as polymerase chain reaction testing have become readily available and provide more rapid, reliable determination of specific pathogens. Prevention is the first step in combatting foodborne illnesses. Generic name: metronidazole (oral/injection) J Parasit Dis. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Giacometti A, Burzacchini F, Cirioni O, Barchiesi F, Dini M, Scalise G. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Compliance with Ethics Guidelines: Conflict of Interest: Hayley Sparks, Gayatri Nair, Alejandro Castellanos-Gonzalez, and declare that they have no conflict of interest. 8600 Rockville Pike Cryptosporidiosis is the second most common cause of diarrhea in children (after rotavirus). Abdominal cramps, nausea, watery diarrhea, Abdominal cramps, diarrhea (may be bloody), fever, vomiting, Contaminated water, raw or undercooked poultry, unpasteurized milk, Blurred vision, diarrhea, difficulty swallowing, double vision, muscle weakness, vomiting; can cause respiratory failure and death, Fermented fish, improperly canned foods (especially home-canned vegetables), potatoes baked in aluminum foil, Intense abdominal cramps, watery diarrhea, Dried or precooked foods, gravy, meats, poultry, undercooked foods, Abdominal cramps, diarrhea (usually watery), slight fever, May be remitting and relapsing over weeks to months, Contaminated drinking water, cooked foods that are not reheated after contact with an infected food handler, uncooked foods, Abdominal cramps, diarrhea (usually watery), fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, substantial weight loss, vomiting, Contaminated raw produce (e.g., basil, imported berries, lettuce), Abdominal cramps, vomiting, watery diarrhea, Food or water contaminated with human feces, Abdominal pain, severe diarrhea (often bloody), vomiting; can cause kidney failure, Contaminated drinking water, contaminated raw produce (e.g., sprouts), undercooked beef (especially hamburger), unpasteurized milk or juice, Abdominal pain, dark urine, diarrhea, fever, headache, jaundice, nausea, Contaminated drinking water, contaminated raw produce, cooked foods that are not reheated after contact with an infected food handler, shellfish from contaminated water, uncooked foods, 9 to 48 hours for gastrointestinal symptoms, 2 to 6 weeks for invasive disease, Diarrhea, fever, muscle aches, nausea; pregnant women may have mild flulike illness, and infection can lead to premature delivery or stillbirth; older adults and immunocompromised patients may develop bacteremia or meningitis, Deli meats, unpasteurized milk, soft cheeses made with unpasteurized milk, Norovirus (food poisoning, viral gastroenteritis, winter diarrhea), Abdominal cramps, diarrhea (more common in adults), fever, headache, nausea, vomiting (more common in children), Abdominal cramps, diarrhea, fever, vomiting, Cheese, contaminated raw produce, eggs, meat, poultry, unpasteurized milk or juice, Abdominal cramps, diarrhea, fever; stools may contain blood and mucus, Contaminated drinking water, contaminated raw produce, cooked foods that are not reheated after contact with an infected food handler, uncooked foods, Abdominal cramps, diarrhea, fever, sudden onset of severe nausea and vomiting, Unrefrigerated or improperly refrigerated cream pastries, meats, and potato or egg salad, Abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, vomiting, watery diarrhea (occasionally bloody), Abdominal pain, bleeding under the skin, bloodborne infection, diarrhea, fever, ulcers requiring surgical removal, vomiting; can be fatal to persons with liver disease or weakened immune systems, Undercooked or raw seafood (especially oysters), Acute abdominal pain, fever, and vomiting, Together, these symptoms raise suspicion for infectious diarrhea, Recent changes in diet and ingestion of foods included in recent recalls or undercooked foods should raise suspicion for foodborne illness, Longer duration raises concern for dehydration, Persons who work at child care centers or in close contact with others are at risk of viral diarrhea, Cross-contamination and transmission of pathogens are possible; may help narrow differential if cause is known in the other person, Hospitalization or nursing home admission, Raises suspicion for atypical causes of diarrhea, Can help determine possible comorbidities that suggest a cause, Stool characteristics (bloody, foul smelling, watery), Foul-smelling stools in patients with recent hospitalization or antibiotic use raise suspicion for, Watery stools raise suspicion for viral cause or, Travel to foreign countries, especially non-Western countries, should raise suspicion for infectious diarrhea, Decreased appetite, fever, jaundice, nausea, right upper-quadrant abdominal pain, vomiting, CBC, C-reactive protein level, liver function testing, right upper-quadrant ultrasonography, Abdominal pain, arthralgias, arthritis, fever, jaundice, malaise, nausea, vomiting, Ammonia levels, hepatitis panel, liver biopsy, liver function testing, ultrasonography, Fever, left lower-quadrant abdominal pain, Abdominal CT, CBC; contrast enema and colonoscopy may be considered, Abdominal pain, chronic diarrhea, occasional bloody diarrhea, weight loss, Colonoscopy with tissue biopsy, negative stool culture, Abdominal pain, diarrhea, hematochezia, melena, weight loss, Abdominal CT, arterial blood gas levels, blood chemistry panel, CBC, colonoscopy, electrocardiography, lactate levels, magnetic resonance angiography, Abdominal pain, anorexia, diarrhea, fever, nausea, vomiting, Diagnosis is generally clinical; may be confirmed by antigen-detecting enzyme immunoassay, immunofluorescence assay, microscopy, polymerase chain reaction testing, serology, or viral culture (although routine use of these tests is not necessary), Erythromycin, 500 mg 2 times per day for 5 days, Azithromycin, 10 mg per kg per day for 3 to 7 days, Azithromycin (Zithromax), 500 mg on day 1, then 250 mg on days 2 through 5, Ciprofloxacin, 500 mg 2 times per day for 3 days, TMP-SMX, 5/25 mg per kg 2 times per day for 3 days, TMP/SMX, 160/800 mg 2 times per day for 3 to 7 days, Azithromycin, 500 mg on day 1, then 250 mg on days 2 through 5, Ciprofloxacin, 500 mg 2 times per day for 5 to 7 days, TMP-SMX, 5/25 mg per kg 2 times per day for 5 to 7 days, Ceftriaxone, 1 to 2 g per day intramuscularly or intravenously for 5 to 7 days, Ceftriaxone, 50 to 100 mg per kg per day intramuscularly or intravenously for 5 to 7 days, Metronidazole (Flagyl), 750 mg 3 times per day for 5 to 10 days, Metronidazole, 30 to 50 mg per kg per day in 3 divided doses for 7 to 10 days, Paromomycin, 500 mg 3 times per day for 7 days, or iodoquinol (Yodoxin), 650 mg 3 times per day for 7 days, Paromomycin, 25 to 35 mg per kg per day in 3 divided doses for 5 to 10 days, Metronidazole, 250 to 750 mg 3 times per day for 7 to 10 days. Bessoff K, Spangenberg T, Foderaro JE, Jumani RS, Ward GE, Huston CD. Retesting of treated persons is not considered necessary. Data Sources: A PubMed search was completed using the key terms foodborne illness, infectious diarrhea, food poisoning, salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, food safety, hemolyticuremic syndrome, oral rehydration solution, oral rehydration therapy, traveler's diarrhea, and bloody diarrhea.